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Juhan Sotahistoriasivut

Results of the Soviet turn time tests

I personally think that vertical maneuverability was more important than horizontal for the WWII fighters but the latter was also important and while climb rate info is usually easily available on WWII fighters, turn time tests are harder to find. So I decided to publish info on some results of the Soviet turning tests. I have put them together from what I have found from various secondary sources and from some scans which friendly people have shared with me over the years. I have made comments on some, mostly adding how Finns saw the things. Only info which clearly bothered me is that of LaGG-3 series 28, much better than Finns thought it was. But Lavochkin's fighters varied much because the quality of their finish varied. Special thanks for the extra info provided by VG-33, Kurfürst and Claidemore on the wwiiaircraft site.

Soviet tests were flown at 1000m, so they tended to favour Soviet fighters, most of which were optimized for low and medium altitude combat. The exception was MiG-3 which was designed as a high altitude interceptor. The times are the time needed for a 360deg horizontal turn without a height loss. When the time of the turn is given xx – yy secs, there were different times for turning left and right. AND one must remember that in a turning combat much depended on pilot's skills, to fly a plane to its limits one needs skills and knowledge. Also the turning ability was only one factor in a turning fight, e.g. a skillfull pilot in a plane with better rate of roll might well beat a pilot in a better turning plane by using barrel roll.

Polikarpov I-15 (1934, 1,415 kg, 480hp M-22 - Soviet version of Bristol Jupiter, 2 or 4 x 7,62mm
    PV-1 mgs): 8 - 8.5 secs

Polikarpov I-15bis (1937, 1,640 kg, 764 hp/740 hp Shvetsov M-25V, 4 x 7,62mm PV-1 mgs):
    10.5 secs

Polikarpov I-153 "Chaika" (1939, 1,680 kg, 764 hp/740 hp Shvetsov M-25V, 4 x 7,62mm ShKAS
    mgs): 11.4 - 12.4 secs

Polikarpov I-153 "Chaika" (1939, 1,762 kg, 986 hp/789 hp Shvetsov M-62, 4 x 7,62mm ShKAS
    mgs): 11.4 - 12.4 secs
    Finnish tests 12 sec, radius 110m, maybe the most feared opponent to Fokker D. XXI
    pilots during Winter War, FiAF used war booty I-153s as a frontline a/c to autumn 44,
    during later part of the Continuation War (25 Jun 41 – 4 Sept 44) as recon fighter, last kill
    on 29 July 44, a P-39 from 773 IAP.

Polikarpov I-153 "Chaika" (1940, 1,902 kg, 1085 hp/887 hp Shvetsov M-63, 4 x 7,62mm ShKAS
    mgs): 14 secs

Polikarpov I-16 tip 29 (1940, 1,966 kg, 1085 hp/887 hp Shvetsov M-63, 2 x 7.62mm ShKAS +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS): 16-17 secs

Polikarpov I-16 tip 10 (1938, 1,716 kg, 764 hp/740 hp Shvetsov M-25V, 4 x 7.62mm mgs):
    16-18 or 16.5 secs

Yakovlev Yak-9 (1943, 2,873 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    1x12.7mm UBS): 17 secs or 16 - 17 secs  or 17 - 18 secs
      Finns thought that Yak-9 was very manoeuvrable, there are many comments like that in
      the FiAF Bf 109G pilots’ combat reports

Polikarpov I-16 tip 28 (1939 - 40, 1,988 kg, 1085 hp/887 hp Shvetsov M-63, 2 x 7.62mm ShKAS
    + 2 x 20mm ShVAK): 17 - 19 secs


Yakovlev Yak 1B (1942, 2,884 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1 x 20mm ShVAK +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS): 17 - 19secs or
19 secs depending the source.

Supermarine Spitfire F Mk IX (1944, 3,292 kg, 1,275 hp/1,380 hp Merlin 61, 2 x 20mm + 4 x
    7.7mm):  17.5 secs

Bell P-39D-2 (1,350 hp/1,135 hp Allison V-1710-63, 1x37mm+2x12.7mm+4x7.62mm):
   17.7-18.7 secs

Curtiss P-40C (3,390 kg, 1,055 hp Allison V-1710-33, 2x12.7mm+4x7.62mm): 18.0 secs mid

Yakovlev Yak-1 (1942, 2,900 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1 x 20mm ShVAK + 1 x
    12.7mm UBS): 18-19 secs

Yakovlev Yak-9T (1943, 3,025 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1x37mm NS-37 + 1 x
    12.7mm UBS): 18-19 secs.


Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 66 (1943, 2,990 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1 x 20mm
    ShVAK + 1 x 12.7mm UBS): 18 - 19secs or 19 secs depending the source.
    this lightened version was IMHO better than series 28, a LW top ace, IIRC Barkhorn, told
    later that hardest fight he ever fought was a long duel against a LaGG-3 from a GIAP in
    1943/44, which ended when both disengaged simultaneously, so late over the Southern
    sector IMHO the LaGG must have been the lightened series 66 a/c.


Bell P-400/Airacobra Mk. I (1942, 3,556 kg, 1,150 hp V-1710-35, 1x20mm + 2x12.7mm +
    4 x 7.62mm) 18.2 secs

Bell P-400/Airacobra Mk. I (lightened) (1942, 3,324 kg, 1,150 hp V-1710-35, 1 x 20mm +
    2 x 12.7mm): 18.2 secs

Supermarine Spitfire LF. Mk IXE (1945, 3,351 kg, 1,320 hp/1,580 hp Merlin 66, 2 x 20mm +
    2 x 12.7mm): 18.5 secs

Bell P-39L-1-BE (1943, 3,616 kg, 1,325 hp V-1710-63, 1x37mm+2x12.7mm+4x7.62mm): 18.5 secs

Supermarine Spitfire Mk VB (1943, 2,920 kg, 1,130 hp/1,166 hp Merlin 46, 2 x 20mm + 4 x
    7.7mm): 18.8 secs

Curtiss P-40M-5-CU (1943, 3,958 kg, 1,200 hp/1,125 hp V-1710-81, 6x12.7mm): 18.8 secs

Supermarine Spitfire HF. Mk IX (1945, 3,338 kg, 1,475 hp Merlin 70, 2 x 20mm + 2 x 12.7mm):
    19 secs

Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 28 (1942, 3,055 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105PA, 1 x 20mm
    ShVAK + 1 x 12.7mm UBS): 19 secs
     Finns concluded that LaGG-3 turned more or less as well as 109G. When Finns tested a
     LaGG-3 against Hawk 75A, LeLv 32 (Fighter Wing/Jagdgruppe) used both types in combat,
     conclusion was that if at the beginning of a mock combat LaGG-3 was behind Hawk 75A
     after only 1½ turns situation was reversed.

Lavochkin La-5 (1943, 3,208 kg, 1,676 hp/1,311 hp Shvetsov M-82, 2 x 20mm ShVAK): 19 secs

Bell P-39D (3,556 kg, 1,150hp Allison V-1710-35, 1x37mm+2x12.7mm+4x7.62mm): 19 secs

Bell P-39N-1 (1,420 hp/1,200 hp Allison V-1710-85, 1x37mm+2x12,7mm+4x7.62mm): 19 secs
     From the report of FiAF 3./HLeLv 34 on the actions during the hectic summer 44. “AC
     (P-39) is more or less as good as La-5 (at this stage means La-5Fs and FNs) but maybe less
     manoeuvrable.”

Yakovlev Yak-3 (1943, 2,697 kg, 1,272 hp/1,223 hp Klimov VK-105PF-2, 1x20mm+2x12.7mm):
    19 secs

Hawker Hurricane IIA (1941, 3,170 kg, 1,280 hp R-R Merlin XX, Vokes filter, 8x7.7mm
    Browning): 19-20 secs

Bell P-39Q-25-BE (1944, 3,547 kg, 1,420 hp/1,200 hp Allison V-1710-85, 1x37mm+2x12.7mm
    so without gunpods): 19-20 secs

Yakovlev Yak-1 (1941, 2,934 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105PA, 1 x 20mm ShVAK +
    2 x 7.62mm ShKAS): 19-20 secs

Yakovlev Yak-1 (1942, 2,917 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    2 x 7.62mm ShKAS): 19-20 secs

Yakovlev Yak-7B (1942, 3,005 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    2 x 12.7mm UBS): 19-20 secs
     Finns misidentified some Yak-7Bs as Spitfires, they were told that they might meet  
     Spitfires, and thought that these didn’t live up their high reputation

Yakovlev Yak-9D: (1943, 3,117 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS): 19-20 secs

Yakovlev Yak-9M: (1944, 3,095 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov VK-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS): 19-20 secs

Lavochkin La-5FN (1943, 3,305 kg, 1,825 hp/1,410 hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN, 2 x 20mm ShVAK):
    19 or 19.5 secs, depending on the source
     Finns thought that La-5F/FN was a bit better turner than 109G at low level. It was also the
     most dangerous opponent of FiAF Bf 109Gs during the heavy fighting in summer 44, even if
     one cannot find so many glowing appraisal on La-5 than on Yak-9 in FiAF 109G pilots’
     combat reports

Curtiss P-40E-1-CU (1942, 3,840 kg, 1,150 hp Allison V-1710-39,  6x12.7mm): 19.2 secs mid 

Bell P-39Q (1943, 3,495 kg, 1,420 hp/1,200 hp Allison V-1710-85, 1x37mm+4x12.7mm so with
    gunpods): 19.5 secs
    the subversion is not given, but the weight given is some 25kg lighter than the
    grossweight of Q-15-BE, see below, maybe Q-5-BE or a lightened plane.

Yakovlev Yak-1 (1942 Winter variant, heavier due to insulation, heating ducts etc): 19.5 secs

Messerschmitt Bf 109F-4 (2,902 kg, 1,331 hp/1,183 hp DB601E, 1x20mm MG 151/20 + 
    2x7.92mm MG 17): 19.6 - 20.5 secs
    Soviet max speed for the aircraft (624km/h at 6,500m) is on slow side, so maybe it
    had some problems

Messerschmitt Bf109F-2 (2,780 kg, 1,144 hp DB 601N, 1x15mm MG 151 + 2x7.92mm MG 17):
    19.6 secs (some sources 19.8) -20.5 NII

Hawker Hurricane IIC (1943, 3,455 kg, 1,319 hp Merlin XX, 4 x 20mm): 20 secs

Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 4 - 8, (3,280 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105PA, 1 x 20mm ShVAK
    + 1 x 12.7mm UBS + 2 x 7.62mm ShKAS): 20 secs
     Finnish tested a war booty LaGG-3 series 4 (identification sign LG-1) which was modified
     with
wing slots. The three test pilots got the average of 25 secs with 40km/h speed loss at
     2,000 m (the lowest altitude used in those tests), the best result was 23 secs at 2,000 m. 
     The same plane shot down a Soviet LaGG-3 from 415 IAP on 16 Feb 44 after fairly long
     turning fight. The fight began as an head on meeting with 2 escorting LaGG-3s against the 
     LG-1. After a while after an head on pass one of the Soviet LaGGs disengaged but the other
     continued the turning fight until it was hit after which it tried disengage but the FiAF pilot
     followed and shot it down. So Finns were not altogether hopeless while flying early LaGG-3s,
     there were some other contacts with FiAF and Soviet LaGG-3s which ended without losses on
     either side. IMHO in early 1944 Soviet LaGG-3s should have been at least series 28 planes or
     later.

Lavochkin La-5F (1943, 3,207 kg, 1,676 hp/1,311 hp Shvetsov M-82F; 2 x 20mm ShVAK): 20
    secs
    Finns thought that La-5F/FN was a bit better turner than 109G at low level, the high back
    La-5, which Finns called LaGG-5, was more or less equal to 109G-2 in low-speed turning
    fight at low level

Yakovlev Yak-9U (1944, 3,260 kg, 1,479 hp/1,430 hp Klimov VK-107A, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    2x12.7mm UBS): 20 secs

Bell P-39Q-10-BE (1943, 3,570 kg, 1,420 hp/1,200 hp Allison V-1710-85, 1x37mm + 4x12.7mm
    so with gunpods): 20-21 secs
    From the report of FiAF 3./HLeLv 34 on the actions during the hectic summer 44. “AC
    (P-39) is more or less as good as La-5 (at this stage means La-5Fs and FNs) but maybe less
    manoeuvrable.”

Lavochkin La-7 (1944, 3,232 kg, 1,824 hp/1,449 hp Shvetsov ASh-82FN, 2 x 20mm ShVAK): 20 -
    21 secs or 20.5 secs

Messerschmitt Bf 109G-2 (1942, 3,023 kg, 1,454 hp/1,233 hp DB 605A-1, 1 x 20mm MG 151 +
    2 x 7.92mm MG 17): 20-21.5 secs, middle 21 secs NII
    Finnish tests, also at 1,000m, 1,3 ata, sustained 22 secs, speed 360 km/h 3G

Messerschmitt Bf 109G-4 (1943, 1,454 hp/1,233 hp DB 605A-1, 1 x 20mm MG 151 +
    2 x 7.92mm MG 17): 20.5-21 secs

Hawker Hurricane IIB (1942, 3,352 kg, 1,319 hp Merlin XX, 2 x 20mm ShVAK + 2 x 12.7mm +
    6 x RS-82 rockets): 20.5 secs

Bell P-63A-10-BE (1945, 3,822 kg, 1,325 hp V-1710-93, 1x37mm + 2x12.7mm): 20.5 secs

Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 29 and 32 (3,150 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, 1 x 20mm
    ShVAK + 1 x 12.7mm UBS): 21 secs or 22 secs  depending the source.   
    When Finns tested a LaGG-3, FiAF LG-3 was 35th serie aircraft, that Serie was the first
    with leading edge slats, against Hawk 75A, LeLv 32 (Fighter Wing/Jagdgruppe) used both
    in combat, conclusion was that if at the beginning LaGG-3 was behind Hawk 75A after
    only 1½ turns situation was reversed.

Yakovlev Yak-7A (1942, 2,935 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105PA, 1 x 20mm ShVAK + 2 x
    7.62mm ShKAS): 21-22 secs

Focke-Wulf FW 190A-5 (1942, 4,070 kg, 1,558 hp/1,440 hp BMW 801 D-2): 21 - 22 secs

Focke-Wulf FW 190A-8 (1944, 3,986 kg, 1,558 hp/1,440 hp BMW 801 D-2, 2x20mm +
    2x13mm): 21 - 22 secs
    without outer wing cannon and also otherwise lightened, because according to German
    documents weight should have been 4,272 - 4,395kg w/o a drop tank, different docus give
    different weights and appr. 4,100kg without outer wing cannon)

Hawker Hurricane IID (1944, 3,650 kg, 1,319 hp Merlin XX, 2 x 40mm [should also have 2 x
    7.7mm, removed or forgotten]): 22 secs

Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 1 - 3 (3,346 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105P, 3 x 12.7mm UB +
    2 x 7.62mm ShKAS): 22 secs

Lavochkin LaGG-3-37 (3,363 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov M-105PF, Armed with a 37mm
    Sh-37 cannon and 1x12,7mm UBS). Also had leading edge slats: 22 secs
    Finns met these a/c in summer 44, one Soviet regiment equipped with these and Yak-9s was
    transferred from VVS Black Sea Fleet to VVS Baltic Fleet to reinforce Soviet attack forces,
    but I recall only comments on their good tactics and unusual camo from Finnish combat
    reports.
 
Focke-Wulf FW 190A-4 (3,989 kg, 1,706 hp/1,341 hp BMW801D, 4x20mm + 2x7.92mm): 22 -
    23 secs NII-VVS, 23 - 24 secs LII-NKAP

Focke-Wulf FW 190D-9 (4,197kg, 1,755 hp Jumo 213A, 2x20mm + 2x13mm): 22 - 23 secs,
    max speed achieved was 624km/h. Very near the German test results with the 6th series
    production Fw 190D-9 at Rechlin test center, which were at 3,000 rpm max. speeds 520
    to 530 km/h at sea level and 625 and 635km/h at 6,500m (about full throttle height,
    depending on engine adjustment). 3,000rpm means Steig- und Kampfleistung (climb and
    combat power) and with 3,250 rpm, speeds reached 540 and 550 km/h at sea level and
    645 and 655 km/h at 6,600m. This with Start- und Notleistung (Take-off and emergency
    power) with B4/87oct. fuel. Take-off weight was 4,350kg. Soviets didn't use MW50 or
    C3/96oct fuel in their 190D-9 tests. According to Focke-Wulf the top speed at Start u.
    Notleistung with B4 was 568 km/h at SL and 680 km/h at 6,600m.

Messerschmitt Bf 109G-2/R6 (1942, 3,235 kg, 1,454 hp/1,233 hp DB 605A-1, 3 x 20mm
    MG 151 + 2 x 7.92mm MG 17): 22.6 - 22.8 secs

Lavochkin La-5 (1942, 3,360 kg, 1,676 hp/1,311 hp Shvetsov M-82, 2 x 20mm ShVAK): 22.6
    secs

North American Mustang Mk I (1942, 3,884 kg, 1,150 hp Allison V1710-F3R, 4x12.7mm +
    4x7.62mm): 23 secs.
    Soviet tested one of those sent from GB (AG348 ) and the max. speed at 4,600m 587km/h,
    the designation used in some Soviet documents, NA-73, and the engine sub-type indicated
    that it was not P-51A but XP-51 in USAAF parlance. British A&AEE tests in spring 42 (AG351)
    595km/h at 4,572m, so almost the same speed.

MiG-3 (1941, 3,350 kg, 1,331 hp / 1,183 hp Mikulin AM-35A, 1x12.7mm UB +  2x7.62 mm
    ShKAS):  23 secs
    Finns: at lower level not very manoeuvrable on horizontal plane)

Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3 (1940, 2 x 20mm MG FF + 2 x 7.92mm MG 17):  23-26 secs with 1.33
    ata, max 5 min power setting
    The supercharger seemed to have malfunctioned at low level, which was very important for
    these tests made at 1000m. German specs give 18.92 sec for a sustained turn at SL for the
    Emil, at 5 min rating, w/o using the 1-min special low-alt augmented rating. British tests gave
    25 sec but the altitude was 12,000 ft, means 3,658m, so at higher altitude and so it should
    have taken a little longer than at 1,000m. British didn't notice any measureable difference
    between turning left or right.)

Lavochkin LaGG-3 series 23 (3,100 kg, 1,085 hp/1,035 hp Klimov M-105PA, 1 x 20mm ShVAK +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS + 6 x 82mm RS-82 rockets): 26 secs

Republic P-47D-10-RE (1944, 5,961 kg, 2,000 hp R-2800-63, 6(8)x12.7mm, 661km/h at
    8,500m): 26 secs

Yakovlev Yak-9DD (1944, 3,387 kg, 1,193 hp/ 1,163 hp Klimov VK-105PF, 1x20mm ShVAK +
    1 x 12.7mm UBS): 26 secs

Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3 (1940, 2,605 kg, 2 x 20mm MG FF + 2 x 7.92mm MG 17): 26.5-29 secs
    at 1.26 ata
    The supercharger seemed to have malfunctioned at low level, which was very important for
    these tests made at 1,000m. German specs give 18.92 secs for a sustained turn at SL for the
    Emil, at 5 min rating, w/o using the 1-min special low-alt augmented rating.

Republic P-47D in 1945: 27-28 secs

Messerschmitt Bf 110C-4 (1940, 6,510 kg, 2 x 20mm MG FF + 4 x 7.92mm MG 17 + 1 x
    7.92mm MG 15): within 30 secs


Some of the sources:
Flugzeuge, Flugzeugausrûstung und Waffen der sowjetischen Luftwaffe. Heft II
    Flugzeugausrûstung und Waffen Stand: Mai 1942 Nr. 1500/42 (GL/A-Rü)

Several scans from Russian literature on those tests given by some friends.
Carl-Fredrik Geust's & Gennadiy Petrov's Red Stars Vol. 4 Lend-lease aircraft in Russia (2002)
Yefim Gordon’s Lavochkin's Piston-Engined Fighters (2003)
Yefim Gordon’s Soviet Air Power in World War 2 (2008)
Yefim Gordon’s and A. Dexter's Polikarpov Biplane Fighter Variants in Wings of Fame Volume 17
    (1999)
Yefim Gordon’s and Keith Dexter's Polikarpov's I-16 Fighter Its Forerunners and Progeny
    (2001)
Yefim Gordon’s and Dmitri Khazanov's Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War
    Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters (1998)
Yefim Gordon’s and Sergey Komissarov’s US Aircraft in the Soviet Union and Russia (2008)
Yefim Gordon’s and Boris Rybak's Under Red Star in FlyPast August 1997 pp. 83 - 85 and
    September 1997 pp. 28 - 30
Reciprocating Engine Characteristics [US]
Ray Wagner's American Combat Planes. New Revised Edition. (1968)

http://www.ww2aircraft.net/forum/aviation/soviet-turning-time-tests-comments-please-19130.html
http://www.wio.ru/tacftr/ww2t.htm
http://www.airpages.ru/uk/spit_12.shtml
http://www.spitfireperformance.com/spit1vrs109e.html
http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustang-I.html
http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/fw190/fw190d9test.html
http://www.p40warhawk.com/Variants/Tomahawk.htm



Picture
FiAF war-booty I-153 at Mikkeli airfield on 1941-06-26 SA-kuva
Picture
Thomas Jülch's Polikarpov I-16 Tip 24, some of its parts were from a Tip 18 and some from a Tip 24. With its cannon armament it is armed like Tip 27 or 28 because I-16 Tip 18 gun-ship version was Tip 27 and Tip 24 gun-ship version was Tip 28. On the right is a P-40N
Picture
Spitfire LF IXc
Picture
Yak-1B scale model at Hyrylän It-museo
Picture
Hawker Sea Hurricane Ib of The Shuttleworth Aircraft Collection
Picture
Early Yak-1 scale model at Hyrylän It-museo
Picture
Bell P-39Q-15_BE Airacobra without gunpods under wings at Keski-Suomen Ilmailumuseo
Picture
Bf 109G-2/Trop
Picture
LaGG-3 serie 35. This is the LG-3 of the FiAF, Finns got it on 14 Sept 1942 when its Soviet pilot lost his way and made a wheels-up landing near Nurmoila airfield. Finns repaired it and it served from 11 March 1943 onwards at the LeLv 32 (SA-kuva 158122)
Picture
Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-6 scrambling at Immola airfield 1944-07-02. (SA-kuva 155842)
Picture
The Republic P-47D of The Fighter Collection in 1995. P-47D was an anti-thesis to the Soviet idea of a fighter, being big, heavy high-altitude fighter with powerful wing armament. Soviet Union got 196 P-47Ds, 7 other were lost during delivery. They served Soviets with the PVO (the air defence organisation) and with the Naval Aviation.
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